一、什么是JSP?
JSP全称是Java Server Pages,它和servle技术一样,都是SUN公司定义的一种用于开发动态web资源的技术。
JSP这门技术的最大的特点在于,写jsp就像在写html,但它相比html而言,html只能为用户提供静态数据,而Jsp技术允许在页面中嵌套java代码,为用户提供动态数据。二、JSP原理
2.1、Web服务器是如何调用并执行一个jsp页面的?
浏览器向服务器发请求,不管访问的是什么资源,其实都是在访问Servlet,所以当访问一个jsp页面时,其实也是在访问一个Servlet,服务器在执行jsp的时候,首先把jsp翻译成一个Servlet,所以我们访问jsp时,其实不是在访问jsp,而是在访问jsp翻译过后的那个Servlet,例如下面的代码:
index.jsp
1 <%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%> 2 <% 3 String path = request.getContextPath(); 4 String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/"; 5 %> 6 7 8 9 1011 12 First Jsp 13 14 15 16 17 <%18 out.print("Hello Jsp");19 %>20 21
当我们通过浏览器访问index.jsp时,服务器首先将index.jsp翻译成一个index_jsp.class,在Tomcat服务器的work\Catalina\localhost\项目名\org\apache\jsp目录下可以看到index_jsp.class的源代码文件index_jsp.java,index_jsp.java的代码如下:
1 package org.apache.jsp; 2 3 import javax.servlet.*; 4 import javax.servlet.http.*; 5 import javax.servlet.jsp.*; 6 import java.util.*; 7 8 public final class index_jsp extends org.apache.jasper.runtime.HttpJspBase 9 implements org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceDependent {10 11 private static final JspFactory _jspxFactory = JspFactory.getDefaultFactory();12 13 private static java.util.List _jspx_dependants;14 15 private javax.el.ExpressionFactory _el_expressionfactory;16 private org.apache.AnnotationProcessor _jsp_annotationprocessor;17 18 public Object getDependants() {19 return _jspx_dependants;20 }21 22 public void _jspInit() {23 _el_expressionfactory = _jspxFactory.getJspApplicationContext(getServletConfig().getServletContext()).getExpressionFactory();24 _jsp_annotationprocessor = (org.apache.AnnotationProcessor) getServletConfig().getServletContext().getAttribute(org.apache.AnnotationProcessor.class.getName());25 }26 27 public void _jspDestroy() {28 }29 30 public void _jspService(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)31 throws java.io.IOException, ServletException {32 33 PageContext pageContext = null;34 HttpSession session = null;35 ServletContext application = null;36 ServletConfig config = null;37 JspWriter out = null;38 Object page = this;39 JspWriter _jspx_out = null;40 PageContext _jspx_page_context = null;41 42 43 try {44 response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");45 pageContext = _jspxFactory.getPageContext(this, request, response,46 null, true, 8192, true);47 _jspx_page_context = pageContext;48 application = pageContext.getServletContext();49 config = pageContext.getServletConfig();50 session = pageContext.getSession();51 out = pageContext.getOut();52 _jspx_out = out;53 54 out.write('\r');55 out.write('\n');56 57 String path = request.getContextPath();58 String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";59 60 out.write("\r\n");61 out.write("\r\n");62 out.write("\r\n");63 out.write("\r\n");64 out.write(" \r\n");65 out.write("\r\n");68 out.write(" \r\n");69 out.write(" First Jsp \r\n");70 out.write("\t\r\n");71 out.write(" \r\n");72 out.write(" \r\n");73 out.write(" \r\n");74 out.write(" ");75 76 out.print("Hello Jsp");77 78 out.write("\r\n");79 out.write(" \r\n");80 out.write("\r\n");81 } catch (Throwable t) {82 if (!(t instanceof SkipPageException)){83 out = _jspx_out;84 if (out != null && out.getBufferSize() != 0)85 try { out.clearBuffer(); } catch (java.io.IOException e) {}86 if (_jspx_page_context != null) _jspx_page_context.handlePageException(t);87 }88 } finally {89 _jspxFactory.releasePageContext(_jspx_page_context);90 }91 }92 }
我们可以看到,index_jsp这个类是继承 org.apache.jasper.runtime.HttpJspBase这个类的,通过查看Tomcat服务器的源代码,可以知道在apache-tomcat-6.0.20-src\java\org\apache\jasper\runtime目录下存HttpJspBase这个类的源代码文件,如下图所示:
我们可以看看HttpJsBase这个类的源代码,如下所示:
1 /* 2 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more 3 * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with 4 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. 5 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0 6 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with 7 * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at 8 * 9 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.010 * 11 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software12 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,13 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.14 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and15 * limitations under the License.16 */17 18 package org.apache.jasper.runtime;19 20 import java.io.IOException;21 22 import javax.servlet.ServletConfig;23 import javax.servlet.ServletException;24 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;25 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;26 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;27 import javax.servlet.jsp.HttpJspPage;28 import javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory;29 30 import org.apache.jasper.compiler.Localizer;31 32 /**33 * This is the super class of all JSP-generated servlets.34 *35 * @author Anil K. Vijendran36 */37 public abstract class HttpJspBase 38 extends HttpServlet 39 implements HttpJspPage 40 41 42 {43 44 protected HttpJspBase() {45 }46 47 public final void init(ServletConfig config) 48 throws ServletException 49 {50 super.init(config);51 jspInit();52 _jspInit();53 }54 55 public String getServletInfo() {56 return Localizer.getMessage("jsp.engine.info");57 }58 59 public final void destroy() {60 jspDestroy();61 _jspDestroy();62 }63 64 /**65 * Entry point into service.66 */67 public final void service(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) 68 throws ServletException, IOException 69 {70 _jspService(request, response);71 }72 73 public void jspInit() {74 }75 76 public void _jspInit() {77 }78 79 public void jspDestroy() {80 }81 82 protected void _jspDestroy() {83 }84 85 public abstract void _jspService(HttpServletRequest request, 86 HttpServletResponse response) 87 throws ServletException, IOException;88 }
HttpJspBase类是继承HttpServlet的,所以HttpJspBase类是一个Servlet,而index_jsp又是继承HttpJspBase类的,所以index_jsp类也是一个Servlet,所以当浏览器访问服务器上的index.jsp页面时,其实就是在访问index_jsp这个Servlet,index_jsp这个Servlet使用_jspService这个方法处理请求。
2.2、Jsp页面中的html排版标签是如何被发送到客户端的?
浏览器接收到的这些数据
1 2 3 45 6 First Jsp 7 8 9 10 11 Hello Jsp12 13
都是在_jspService方法中使用如下的代码输出给浏览器的:
1 out.write('\r'); 2 out.write('\n'); 3 4 String path = request.getContextPath(); 5 String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/"; 6 7 out.write("\r\n"); 8 out.write("\r\n"); 9 out.write("\r\n");10 out.write("\r\n");11 out.write(" \r\n");12 out.write("\r\n");15 out.write(" \r\n");16 out.write(" First Jsp \r\n");17 out.write("\t\r\n");18 out.write(" \r\n");19 out.write(" \r\n");20 out.write(" \r\n");21 out.write(" ");22 23 out.print("Hello Jsp");24 25 out.write("\r\n");26 out.write(" \r\n");27 out.write("\r\n");
在jsp中编写的java代码和html代码都会被翻译到_jspService方法中去,在jsp中编写的java代码会原封不动地翻译成java代码,如<%out.print("Hello Jsp");%>直接翻译成out.print("Hello Jsp");,而HTML代码则会翻译成使用out.write("<html标签>\r\n");的形式输出到浏览器。在jsp页面中编写的html排版标签都是以out.write("<html标签>\r\n");的形式输出到浏览器,浏览器拿到html代码后才能够解析执行html代码。
2.3、Jsp页面中的java代码服务器是如何执行的?
在jsp中编写的java代码会被翻译到_jspService方法中去,当执行_jspService方法处理请求时,就会执行在jsp编写的java代码了,所以Jsp页面中的java代码服务器是通过调用_jspService方法处理请求时执行的。
2.4、Web服务器在调用jsp时,会给jsp提供一些什么java对象?
查看_jspService方法可以看到,Web服务器在调用jsp时,会给Jsp提供如下的8个java对象
1 PageContext pageContext;2 HttpSession session;3 ServletContext application;4 ServletConfig config;5 JspWriter out;6 Object page = this;7 HttpServletRequest request, 8 HttpServletResponse response
其中page对象,request和response已经完成了实例化,而其它5个没有实例化的对象通过下面的方式实例化
1 pageContext = _jspxFactory.getPageContext(this, request, response,null, true, 8192, true);2 application = pageContext.getServletContext();3 config = pageContext.getServletConfig();4 session = pageContext.getSession();5 out = pageContext.getOut();
这8个java对象在Jsp页面中是可以直接使用的,如下所示:
1 <% 2 session.setAttribute("name", "session对象");//使用session对象,设置session对象的属性 3 out.print(session.getAttribute("name")+"");//获取session对象的属性 4 pageContext.setAttribute("name", "pageContext对象");//使用pageContext对象,设置pageContext对象的属性 5 out.print(pageContext.getAttribute("name")+"");//获取pageContext对象的属性 6 application.setAttribute("name", "application对象");//使用application对象,设置application对象的属性 7 out.print(application.getAttribute("name")+"");//获取application对象的属性 8 out.print("Hello Jsp"+"");//使用out对象 9 out.print("服务器调用index.jsp页面时翻译成的类的名字是:"+page.getClass()+"");//使用page对象10 out.print("处理请求的Servlet的名字是:"+config.getServletName()+"");//使用config对象11 out.print(response.getContentType()+"");//使用response对象12 out.print(request.getContextPath()+"");//使用request对象13 %>
运行结果如下:
2.5、Jsp最佳实践
Jsp最佳实践就是jsp技术在开发中该怎么去用。
不管是JSP还是Servlet,虽然都可以用于开发动态web资源。但由于这2门技术各自的特点,在长期的软件实践中,人们逐渐把servlet作为web应用中的控制器组件来使用,而把JSP技术作为数据显示模板来使用。其原因为,程序的数据通常要美化后再输出:让jsp既用java代码产生动态数据,又做美化会导致页面难以维护。让servlet既产生数据,又在里面嵌套html代码美化数据,同样也会导致程序可读性差,难以维护。因此最好的办法就是根据这两门技术的特点,让它们各自负责各的,servlet只负责响应请求产生数据,并把数据通过转发技术带给jsp,数据的显示jsp来做。
2.6、Tomcat服务器的执行流程
第一次执行:
- 客户端通过电脑连接服务器,因为是请求是动态的,所以所有的请求交给WEB容器来处理
- 在容器中找到需要执行的*.jsp文件
- 之后*.jsp文件通过转换变为*.java文件
- *.java文件经过编译后,形成*.class文件
- 最终服务器要执行形成的*.class文件
第二次执行:
- 因为已经存在了*.class文件,所以不在需要转换和编译的过程
修改后执行:
1.源文件已经被修改过了,所以需要重新转换,重新编译。